Roles Of Women In Hindi Films Media Essay

Jobs Of Women In Hindi Films Media Essay Bollywood, the second biggest film industry is broadly known for its type of inventive craftsmanship. It is a type of craftsmanship with the capacity to engage, teach, and reflect and shape our feeling of what our identity is and our comprehension of the general public wherein we live. In Hindi movies there exists the saint and courageous woman, anyway sexual orientation chain of command can be seen and significance is forced on the male on-screen character. One would concur that the Hindi film industry is male-driven, with restricted space for females to be flexible in the character they play. The jobs played by the champion are nearly duplicated by similar rules seen inside the Indian culture. The Indian culture is an impact to Bollywood and is the thing that shapes and characterizes the jobs played by females in films. It has been cited if the picture [of ladies in the cinema] is agreeable or optional, the general public is liable for it . . . movie producers, remembering the busi ness part of movies, basically feature what exists1. The depiction of ladies in Hindi movies has been steady in correspondence to the standards and qualities contained in the Indian culture. India is known to be a hierarchal society, regardless of whether it is religion, northern or southern Indian, all gatherings of individuals are positioned by different characteristics. Inside sexual orientation order, men outrank ladies of the equivalent or comparable age, and senior family members outrank junior relatives2. This equivalent idea is taken into the Hindi film industry where more accentuation is made on the male entertainer. From the earliest starting point of the film procedure significance is on the male. For instance inside the inward parts of film preparing the subsequent advance is procurement of driving male job and afterward followed by female acquisitions3. None the less, females are a need in films; anyway their depictions in films are consistent and follow certain rules as indicated by the jobs played. Indian culture has numerous standards and qualities, one being the pretended by a person in the general public. In Indian culture the prevailing types of how ladies are seen are either as the sustaining mother, blameless spouse, the vamp, or the informed present day lady. At least one types of these jobs are constantly depicted in Hindi movies. With these jobs come explicit attributes that are seen in the general public which are then followed and communicated in Hindi movies. For instance it is viewed as perfect for a lady in Indian culture to have qualities that incorporate, latent, exploited, conciliatory, agreeable, celebrated, static, one-dimensional and resilient4. These are the characteristics that are then brought into the film which reflect culture, yet in addition shape culture. India is a strictly perplexing society with dominancy in the mind boggling religion of Hinduism. In conventional Indian culture there were clear and basic standards of conduct that were typically passed down from past ages. For instance Sita, from the Hindu folklore of Ramayana was viewed as perfect lady and perfect spouse as she was steadily faithful to her better half and complies with his desires unquestionably5. Hindi movies have accomplished this perfect of wifes self commitment. The Indian culture is known to be confined to exacting guidelines and guidelines which are to be trailed by ladies. The lesson of the Indian culture expresses no autonomy in ladies and that she ought to consistently be under the direction of another critical male. For instance a female in adolescence is exposed to her dad, in youth to her significant other and after to her youngsters. This understanding of females can be found in the movie Mother India coordinated by Mehoob Khan. This film uncovers the perfect qualities of a mother played by Nargis. Toward the start of the film it seen that she assumes the ordinary job of a female who is hitched in an Indian customary way. The tune Pi Ke Ghar Aaj Pyari Dulhaniya Chali is a critical with the line that expresses that it is a womens destiny to venture out from home. This applies to the customary lesson of the female being passed on from the authority of the dad to her significant other who now she should be focused on. This is found in the character. Dharma alluding self-resource or a widespread law or standard, which applies at the good, the custom and social level6. This is another strict and legendary angle that is perpetrated upon ladies. This is likewise depicted in the film through and communicated in the tune Duniya Men Hum Aaye Hain. Here the verses in the tune express that the main respect that a ladies has throughout her life is a womens dharma. In setting of the film it expresses that a ladies may conquer her battles howev er with the conditions that are as yet expected with the job of a mother. After her significant other leaving her she despite everything has trust that he will return and keeps confidence and brings up her kids on her own giving up all that she has. This shows the over weight on the affection for spouse and the obligations she has as a mother. It very well may be seen that regardless, in Indian culture the primary goal of females is to consistently remember the standards and qualities set on them as females. One may contend that these standards and qualities include changed inside the Indian culture with the movement of modernization. In any case, the way of life may have changed in jobs of moms, yet the convictions of the qualities standards despite everything exist. For instance Kal Ho Na Ho coordinated by Nikhil Advani is a film set in New York with a cutting edge setting. The pretended by Jaya Bachchan shows comparative attributes of a mother which were depicted by Nargis in Mot her India. Jaya Bachchan, additionally a bereaved female in the film encounters numerous challenges because of her significant other ending it all. Despite the fact that the genuine thinking behind the self destruction is known by her, the fault is turned towards her by her relative. Be that as it may, this doesn't prevent her from being faithful to her significant other as she remained bereft and to the test to bring up her kids and demonstrate her devotedness to her better half. All through the film we see that she despite everything underpins her better half when individuals including her little girl talk adversely about him. Here she is additionally in the battle of bringing up her youngsters up all alone and forfeits all she needs to raise them and keep them cheerful. In both Kal Ho Na Ho and Mother India the job of the mother can be believed to be committed with the characteristics of altruism, dedication, and strict convictions. If not observed as a conventional lady with customary qualities, in Hindi movies the female is then depicted as the vamp or modernized ladies. Bollywood shows both the conventional and advancement of females, yet will in general depict the cutting edge as unethical and favor the customary viewpoints. The vamp is typically depicted as ethically disrespected individual and related with everything that is unpalatable about the west7. Again this is because of the standards and qualities found in the Indian culture. For this situation ladies are viewed as beautifying objects and utilized for amusement. Prostitute is another regular pretended by ladies which is gone to for a stimulating impact upon men. These sorts of jobs are typically connected with hero character. The female is seen present day and uncovering garments and turns into an object of male want. In numerous movies with picturization of this job of female is typically observed to be impressive and catches the females magnifice nce in an erotic way. A case of this is found in the film Sholay coordinated by Ramesh Sippy in the melody Mehbooba. Here the female artist shows up altogether different from the other female lead jobs. She is there for amusement and to include marvelousness. Her garments are uncovering and she is utilized for the delight of the foe. A comparative however somewhat unique scene is additionally observed in Kal Ho Na Ho with the melody Its an opportunity to disco. The distinction in this tune is that the lead female is in the melody however is depicted with an alternate trademark that isn't the standard in her job. Here Naina (Preity Zinta) is brought up in New York however is an easygoing young lady. In this specific scene the crowd sees that her clothing is modernized, however not uncovering. In any case, in the tune an alternate point of view of her is seen when she becomes inebriated. Her garments become all the more noteworthy and her activities are extraordinary. This is planne d to show how a female may act when they go outside of their limits of the Indian culture and its outcome. Jaswinder (Lilette Dubby) in the film is would be viewed as the vamp in the film as her garments are in vogue and she is coy around men. Not exclusively are ladies who arent seen in customary garments seen as vamps, yet in addition the individuals who dont comply with conventional guidelines. These would incorporate the individuals who are gutsy, autonomous and have values not quite the same as the standards. Along these lines, ladies regularly in Hindi movies are either the modernized enticing job or the refined custom Indian ladies. There are numerous ladies in the Bombay film industry. Many have responded with various suppositions on how females are being depicted. For instance cited from Ayesha Jhulka, an on-screen character: You need to acknowledge the way that its a male-overwhelmed industry. What's more, you need to acknowledge that fundamentally legends are given significantly more significance than the heroineSo its better to acknowledge it and afterward continue. You have your own place which no one else can take. What you can do, the legends most likely cant do8. Another supposition cited by the entertainer Shabana Azmi: The one thing that hasnt changed just cursorily I believe, is in its depiction of womenI think its a waste in the event that you dont offer them and give them jobs that are comparable to their heroà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I feel that would be fascinating, and fundamentally do films that are professional women8. In conclusion. Entertainer Ritha Bhaduri states: right now I think character jobs have more to state than the female champion, actressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦There are not very many movies that are ladies situated, or have a ladies ruling the entire thing8. From these assessments of a few on-screen characters it very well may be inferred that numerous entertainers know about the cliché jobs given to ladies in Hindi movies. They

Samples of Summarizing Essay and Refuting Lecture

Samples of Summarizing Essay and Refuting LectureHere are samples of summarizing essay and refuting lecture. When you are in a situation where you feel unsure about a topic or situation that you have taken on, it is helpful to have some sort of plan for a response to the lecturers.There are different types of responses that can be applied when speaking with a professor. A typical summary might be used if a student is trying to work on a difficult subject. These sorts of methods can also be used to make the most of the test.The different situations that require these kinds of things will vary from professor to professor. Sometimes a lecture may not answer the questions that the student may have. They may be able to find a different way to address them.A summary of a summarizing essay is able to get a better understanding of the subject. It will show the lecturer what the questions are all about. It can also prepare the student for some of the harder questions that they may face during the test.There are samples of summarizing essays that deal with the different types of tests that the students will face. Some are given on some of the most difficult ones that may be on the test. They will often include the most commonly asked questions that students have.A description of their teaching style can be found in a lot of the papers. The exam will be given a number. Students may be able to remember if they were doing well in the lecture but not so well in the test.Lastly, a summary will always bring information to light that has been missing up until now. It is a quick way to get the information needed for the test. It may also help the student get to learn some things that the lecture may have missed out on.Another reason to use a summary of summarizing essay is because it is an effective method for learning. It can save a person a lot of time as well as getting a better understanding of the subject matter that they are attempting to master. It can be a great way to g et the information needed for the exam.

Lab Report on Ideal Gas Law Essay Example

Lab Report on Ideal Gas Law Paper We at that point emptied the water once again into the test tube and put the cylinder into the can with the opening upwards, turning the open end downwards after the cylinder was completely lowered underneath he surface. We at that point put the canister legitimately underneath the opening of the test tube, and discharged the gas so the air pockets rose into the test tube. Next, we utilized a stopper whose head was bigger than the opening of the test cylinder to close off the opening (without changing the weight within the cylinder), so we could move the rest of the water to a graduated chamber. While doing this, it was significant that the water level within the cylinder was equivalent to that of the encompassing water in the can, on the grounds that that guaranteed that since the eater pressure in the cylinder was equivalent to that of the encompassing water, the weight of the gas would be equivalent to that of the encompassing air. In this manner, we recorded the gas strain to be equivalent to the weight in the room, which was determined to be 763. 0 meg. We poured the rest of the water from the test tube into a graduated chamber to compute the distinction between the first water volume and the volume remaining, in light of the fact that this distinction was equivalent to the volume of the gas discharged. Next, we blow-dried and shook the canister to get free the additional mass that would eave been included by any water that had clung onto it while it was in the container, and gauged the canister once more. We deducted this mass from the first mass of the canister to discover the mass of gas discharged. We will compose a custom article test on Lab Report on Ideal Gas Law explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Lab Report on Ideal Gas Law explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Lab Report on Ideal Gas Law explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Since we had gathered our information, we utilized Talons law of halfway weights to figure the weight of the gas from the canister alone, so we deducted the weight of the water fume at the recorded water temperature (1 5. ICC) from the absolute weight of the gas (763. 0 meg). With the weight of the obscure gas solitary, we were prepared to plug our qualities into the IV=nor condition. Explaining for n, we had the option to decide what number of moles of the gas we had utilized, so we just needed to isolate the mass of gas utilized by the moles to ascertain the molar mass of the gas (in grams per mole). With the molar mass of the gas, we had the option to distinguish the gas. 2. Results: Below are the qualities we recorded for each progression in the test, just as the counts we made to think of the molar mass of the obscure gas. In this way, the obscure gas was butane, CHICHI, whose molar mass is around 58. G/mol. 3. Conversation: The hypothesis behind our test was to locate every fundamental factor in the least difficult, most precise way. The most troublesome part was making sense of how to get the entirety of the gas that we discharged, and to quantify the volume of that gas definitely. The strategy we utilized was extremely powerful in light of the fact that we had the option to see the development of the gas, and we were subsequently ready to control its entrance into the test tube. Our outcomes were entirely precise, however there was some space for blunder. The following are the estimations for the percent mistake of our molar mass grouping. A portion of the wellsprings of mistake originated from conceivable procedural issues, while others came because of the hypothetical restrictions of the examination. One of the procedural challenges we may have experienced was that there may have despite everything been some water left on the canister when we gauged it the subsequent time. Since the second mass of the canister would have the additional mass of the water, the distinction between the first mass and the mass after the gas had been discharged would have been littler. In this way, we would have recorded a lower ass of gas discharged, so the molar mass computation would have been lower on the grounds that the numerator of the condition would have been littler. Maybe we could have blow-dried the canister for a more drawn out timeframe until we were certain beyond a shadow of a doubt that no water remained. Another procedural issue was the parity we utilized. Since it just measures to the hundredths spot, we recorded the mass of the gas discharged to just a single huge figure. Along these lines, we were restricted to just a single huge figure in our estimation of the molar mass, so despite the fact that we would have had an answer of 52. G/mol, we needed to adjust down to 50 g/mol, which prompted a more prominent percent blunder. The hypothetical troubles emerged in light of the fact that we were applying the perfect gas law to a genuine gas. Along these lines, for instance, while perfect gas particles have flexibility and dont lose speed or vitality when they impact, the particles of a genuine gas do lose vitality and speed, and this diminishing prompts lower pressure. Additionally, perfect gases don't have any intermolecular powers, and the volume of the particles of a perfect gas can be disregarded, however with a genuine gas, the molecule size has any kind of effect. Since butane atoms are so enormous ND exist in a state near fluid structure, we realize that there are exceptionally solid scattering powers holding the particles together. Bigger particles have increasingly flitting dipoles, and consequently a more grounded fascination, so in light of the fact that the atoms are held so near one another, the volume we recorded was littler than it would have been if butane were a perfect gas. Be that as it may, in spite of these mistakes, our determined molar mass was not a long way from the genuine molar mass of butane gas, so we did a moderately great job of controlling these factors that could have enormously influenced our outcomes.

On Receiving

   . I am confident she will do well on it! The Classic Learning Test (CLT) is another exam that is rising in popularity, and for good reason. It’s an attractive alternative to the ACT and SAT in that students use modern technology such as laptops or tablets to analyze classic passages across a broad range of cultures and disciplines. And it does it all in just two hours with the results provided the same day. When my daughter took her exams, the CLT wasn’t as broadly accepted as it is now. Today there are more than one hundred colleges that welcome the CLT, and the number is growing. I suspect receiving accommodations for it won’t be nearly as challenging as for the SAT and ACT. Information about accommodations can be found on the website. CLT recommends that you begin the process no later than eight weeks in advance. You may wonder if our journey through testing is done. Unfortunately, no. My daughter will need to repeat her testing soon so that she will be eligible for accommodations when she goes to college. Because she tested using a pediatric battery, she will need to test one more time, this time with a battery of tests designed specifically for adults. I anticipate doing these either later in the spring of her junior year or in the fall of her senior year. You may also be thinking to yourself that colleges and universities might be prejudiced against her for needing accommodations. The fact is, they will not know unless she self-identifies. Neither ACT nor SAT indicate on their test report that a student obtained accommodations, so rest assured. I’ve shared this story with you with the permission of my daughter. We both hope that by sharing our journey with you, you will feel empowered and able to face those high school years with your special learner. Having a learning disability is not a mark of low intelligence. Our students who have them simply need to be given a chance to show what they know, and they will excel.    Jennifer Mauser  has always loved reading and writing and received a B.A. in English from the University of Kansas in 1991. Once she and her husband had children, they decided to homeschool, and she put all her training to use in the home. In addition to homeschooling her children, Jennifer teaches IEW classes out of her home, coaches budding writers via  email,  and tutors students who struggle with dyslexia.

What Is the Nobel Prize Medal Made Of

Have you ever wondered what the Nobel Prize medal is made of? The Nobel Prize medal looks like gold, but is it really? Heres the answer to this common question about the composition of the Nobel Prize medal. Answer: Before 1980 the Nobel Prize medal was made from 23 carat gold. Newer Nobel Prize medals are 18 carat green gold plated with 24 carat gold. Green gold, also known as electrum, is an alloy of gold and silver, with trace amounts of copper. The diameter of the Nobel Prize medal is 66 mm but the weight and thickness varies with the price of gold. The average Nobel Prize medal is 175 g with a thickness ranging from 2.4-5.2 mm. From 1902 to 2010, the medals were minted by the Swedish company Myntverket. However, the company ceased operations in 2011. In 2011, the Mint of Norway made the medals. In 2012, the Nobel Foundation awarded the contract for the medals to Svenska Medalk AB. The medals show the in of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death.

Dqs Example

Essays on Dq's Assignment Responses to Posts al Affiliation Responses to Posts Response to Post One shares similar contentionsto the relevance of the three (3) key insights which were selected: due care in the performance of professional responsibilities, responsibilities to clients, and ethics and tax services. As emphasized in the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct, accounting practitioners are expected to adhere by the guidelines and principles expected of the profession. The observance and knowledge of ethical standards, in addition to the basic rules, govern the ability for effective application in diverse situations. As noted, knowledge of applied business models that conform to accounting standards should have been integrated in the theoretical frameworks learned to ensure that false entries are ultimately avoided. The experience at HealthSouth illumined the importance of acknowledging diversity in applied business models which should not be presumed as already conforming to accounting principles. The case highlighted the need for auditors to be more vigilant in discerning the application of business models which could hide erroneous entries and ultimately cause their reputations to be at stake. Response to Post# 2 The conflict of interests which were highlighted as one of the key insights learned was also affirmed as relevant. In contemporary settings, one observed that despite knowledge of accounting practitioners to the governing rules stated in the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct, there still exists tendencies for lapses in application of some practices which lead to conflicts of interests. The rationale clearly explained the separation in duties and responsibilities was paramount due to the nature of accountability that the professional holds. These accountants and auditors should focus on financial duties to avoid situations where their professional interests are questioned as to the integrity and viability of accountability. As to the understanding on the concept of tax shelters, it is actually a legal technique, not only for the wealthy; but for individuals and businesses, to reduce or minimize taxable income. One strongly believes that the techniques are varied depending on the res pective accounts and expenses which could be eligible for minimization before the tax shelter concept could be applied. Response to Post #3 It was commendable to have recognized that the contents of the audit report was a key insight in this week’s reading. A comprehensive understanding of the components assist in appreciating the importance of an auditor’s job in the light of accountability for ensuring that the organization being examined conforms to accounting principles and standards. One affirms the need to avoid violations, especially in recording false statements or maliciously intended transactions that aim to provide a padded financial condition than what the actual situation is. Like in the case of Tyco, the manner by which Kozlowski structured some transactions to be private to higher members of the echelon contributed to fraudulent activities. If external auditors were more vigilant of examining related financial transactions undertaken by board members and those from the executive management team, the extensive amounts of money stashed away by these officers should have been checked and preven ted. One believes that there could be apprehension to question the owners, senior management, or members of the board, since they are expected to adhere to codes of ethical standards and are least expected to use the organization’s financial resources for their own selfish interests. Response to Post #4 Acknowledging learning more on the topics of internal auditing, code of ethics, and corporate governance from the Institute of Internal Auditors (2014) is shared as paramount since these concepts form the theoretical frameworks for conformity to accounting principles and standards; especially in ensuring transparency and accountability of reported transactions. The strongly recommended sections were likewise reviewed for an in-depth understanding of information contained in the position papers, practice advisories, as well as from the practice guides. One affirms that for interested practitioners who would like to learn more on internal auditing and corporate governance, they could learn from experiences from actual cases of contemporary corporations. Just like the cases of HealthSouth, Tyco, and others where whistleblowing led to discoveries of violations are interesting to know. As such, one recognizes the importance of giving protection, and even incentives or encouragement, to w histleblowers, so that fraudulent activities would be ultimate abated. Reference The Institute of Internal Auditors. (2014). Code of Ethics. Retrieved from na.theiia.org: https://na.theiia.org/standards-guidance/mandatory-guidance/Pages/Code-of-Ethics.aspx

Comparison Of Concrete Beams Reinforced With Steel And Glass Fibre

Question: Discuss about the Comparison Of Concrete Beams Reinforced With Steel And Glass Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (Gfrp). Answer: Introduction Concrete is the commonest material in the construction industry and is characterized by high compressive strength, durability and stiffness. However, plain concrete is weak in tension because of low tensile strength and is brittle due to low fracture strain[i]. The concrete is usually reinforced so as to overcome these limitations. Reinforcement plays a major role in improving structural stability and soundness of buildings. This is because concrete has good compressive strength and poor tensile strength hence reinforcement increases the concretes tensile strength. Therefore reinforced concrete has the capacity to adequately resist both compressive and tensile stresses, which helps in preventing unacceptable structural failure. This report presents the comparison between concrete beams that are reinforced with steel and glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP). The report contains the following sections: literature review, advantages and disadvantages of steel reinforced concrete beams and GFRP reinforced concrete beams, future research recommendations, conclusion, etc. The findings of this report can be used to make a decision on whether to reinforce concrete beams using steel reinforcement or GFRP reinforcement, depending on the construction project requirements, goals, objectives and constraints. Literature Review Beams are structural elements that are subjected to bending only. As a result of this, one section of the beam (top or bottom) is subjected to compression while the other section is subjected to tension, depending on where the load is applied. Therefore the compression section of the beam must be designed such that it resists crushing and buckling, whereas the tension section must be designed to resist tension adequately. Reinforced concrete beams are able to resist both compressive and tensile forces. The concrete (which has high compressive strength) resists compressive stresses and strain while the reinforcement (which has high tensile strength) resists tensile stresses and strain. Therefore reinforced concrete is a composite material comprising of concrete and reinforcing material. The main benefits of reinforced concrete are: high compressive strength, ability to withstand high tensile stress, rational weather and fire resistance, durability, flexibility, economical, low mainten ance costs, minimal deflection, and less skilled labor requirements. Some of the drawbacks of reinforced concrete are: low tensile strength in comparison with compressive strength, its final quality is affected by production and casting processes, higher cost of forms needed to cast the concrete, and can loss strength when cracks starts developing due to shrinkage. Steel has been used as a reinforcing material for concrete beams over a very long period of time. In steel reinforced concrete, steel bars (also known as rebars) made from twisted filaments with folds are anchored firmly in concrete with no risk of sliding. When the concrete cures, it hardens with the steel rebars forming a strong composite material. One of the reasons why steel is widely used as a concrete reinforcing material is because its rate of expansion in heat and contraction in cold (thermal expansion coefficient) is almost the same as that of concrete[ii]. This prevents concrete from cracking when it is hardening or subjected to expansion and contraction due to fluctuating environmental conditions. The steel has also been proven to be effective in making high-strength concrete[iii]. Besides the traditional steel bars, steel fibres[iv] are also used nowadays as concrete reinforcing materials[v]. The steel fibres have a wide range of structural applications in construction in dustry[vi]. Steel fibre reinforced concrete beams have been found to support higher ultimate load and they remain stable even after reaching their yield stiffness[vii]. Use of GFRP as a rehabilitating or reinforcing material for structural components of buildings began few decades back[viii]. This material has several advantages over the traditional steel rebars but other factors such as high cost have hindered its widespread application in construction industry. GFRP are available in different forms, including: woven fabric, cranette, hewn strand mats, ropes, wool, etc. Some of them contain epoxy resin coatings to provide protection against cements alkali attack. The GFRP performs the same function as the steel rebars increasing tensile strength of the reinforced concrete[ix]. Since both steel rebars and GFRP performs the same function in reinforced concrete beams, it is vital to investigate the comparison between these concrete reinforcing materials. Steel and GFRP Reinforcements Background Use of steel and other metals as concrete reinforcing materials can be traced back to the 15th century. In 1800s, many French and German engineers promoted use of reinforced concrete and came up with several innovations such as twisting the steel rebars so as to improve their bonding with concrete. It was until 1910 when the first steel reinforcing bar specifications were issued. Since then, a lot of developments have followed in relation to use of steel rebars. On the other hand, glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) was first discovered in mid 1930s and has since become a reliable reinforcing material for a wide range of civil engineering projects[x]. Use of GFRP as a reinforcement material was first discovered in Russia in 1975 where the material was used for reinforcing a timber bridge. In 1980s, several researchers, scientists and engineers carried out studies to establish the feasibility of GFRP replacing steel in strengthening and repairing bridges. In 1990s, GFRP was widely u sed in Japan for construction of train support structures. In 1996, design guidelines for use of GFRP in reinforced concrete were introduced by the Japanese. Since then, GFRP has become an alternative reinforcing material to steel. The material is now being used across the world to reinforce concrete, timber, steel and masonry structures[xi]. The wide application of GFRP in construction industry is largely because of its benefits over steel reinforcement. Today, many buildings across the world are constructed using reinforced concrete, which makes them stronger and able to endure different weather and time ravages. Desired properties of concrete reinforcing materials The properties of a good concrete reinforcing material are: high resistance to tensile stress and strain, greater relative strength, good bond or compatibility with concrete, durability, thermal compatibility, resistance to chemical and weather attack, fire resistance, cost effective, sustainability and environmental friendliness. Steel and GFRP reinforcing materials have unique properties, which make them suitable for different construction applications. Attributes of GFRP as a Concrete Beam Reinforcing Material GFRP reinforcing materials presents versatile design options because of their exceptional fabrication flexibility, structural efficiency, high durability and low costs of production and erection. GFRP is a type of plastic composite comprising of glass fibres that mechanically enhance stiffness and strength of plastics[xii]. The fibre gets additional protection from the resin as a result of bonding between these materials[xiii]. Some of the fundamental attributes of GFRP that make it a suitable reinforcing material for concrete beams are as follows: High strength: GFRP is about three times stronger than steel for an equal amount of weight. Strength to weight ratio of the former is very high, which makes it a suitable material for reinforcing concrete beams. Lightweight: GFRP weighs much less than steel reinforcement. This helps in reducing its shipping costs, enabling easier and faster installation, and reducing the need for structural framing. Resistance to external damages: GFRP resists a wide range of environmental conditions, including chemicals, salt water, acid rain, corrosion, etc. This makes it suitable for projects in almost any environment, both indoors and outdoors. Versatility: GFRP can be molded in virtually any form or shape, including very complex shapes. This makes it suitable for making any form of concrete beam. Low maintenance: GFRP does not lose its physical or mechanical properties for a very long time up to 30 years. If used as intended, the structure made from GFRP can last for decades with very minimal or no maintenance needs. Durability: GFRP is very strong and structures built from it can withstand different expected and unexpected loadings, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, etc. Insulation: GFRP has good heat resistance and high electrical insulation. This helps in protecting buildings or other structures against excessive heat. Cracking: GFRP prevents concrete beams from cracking caused by thermal or mechanical stress that may accumulate over time. Fatigue: GFRP has greater resistance to fatigue making it a suitable reinforcing material to protect concrete beams against fatigue failure mode. Radio signals: GFRP does not cause interference to the radio signals, like it is the case for steel rebars. Drawbacks of GFRP Low elastic modulus: the elastic modulus of GFRP is almost a fifth that of steel. This reduces the capability of GFRP to withstand varied loadings. Low flexural and tensile strength: this affects the ability of GFRP to resist loads even if their dimensions are increased. Creep: the creep property of GFRP changes the beams endurance performance that affects the reliability of the beam in the long run[xiv]. High cost: the cost of GFRP is relatively high compared with that of steel. This is one of the major factors that have significantly contributed to slow adoption of GFRP as a reinforcing material for concrete beams. Attributes of Steel as a Concrete Beam Reinforcing Material Some of the attributes of steel reinforcement include: High ductility and tensile strength: steel is more ductile and has high tensile strength that makes it able to bear greater loads. The high ductility and tensile strength of steel also increases the overall strength of reinforced concrete beams[xv]. Cheaper: steel is abundantly available in many parts of the world and this has continued to reduce its cost. Reduced cracking: steel resists cracking strongly in different ways. One of these ways is through the strong bonding between steel reinforcement and concrete. This bonding reduces cracking of concrete when it is hardening. Low maintenance cost: steel has low maintenance needs, which translates into low maintenance costs. The fact that the steel is engraved inside the concrete makes it less vulnerable to deterioration and damages. Durability: the high flexural strength, impact resistance, fatigue resistance and high abrasion of steel creates durable concrete beams. Impact and fatigue resistance: this is another great property of steel reinforcement that makes it undergo minimal deflection (if any) and attain very high yield strength. Shortcomings of steel reinforcement Strength deterioration: strength of steel reinf0rced concrete decreases significantly when the beam is exposed to extreme temperatures[xvi]. Corrosion: alkalinity of cement causes corrosion of steel reinforcement. If this happens, the structural soundness of the entire beam declines. Spalling: steel can also react aggressively with some aggregates in the concrete causing spalling of the beam. This has costly effects on the structural member. Recommended Future Research In the future, there is need to conduct studies that will establish the impacts of amount of reinforcing material used on the strength, stability and durability of reinforced concrete beams. More studies should also be carried out to determine the impacts of steel and GFRP reinforcing materials on the environment and the effect of type of loading on the performance of steel reinforced or GFRP reinforced concrete beams[xvii]. Researchers should also focus on establishing the qualitative and quantitative differences between steel reinforced and GFRP reinforced concrete beams. Last but not least, researchers should establish the feasibility of combining steel and GFRP reinforcing materials and if this can improve the properties and performance of reinforced concrete beams[xviii]. Conclusion Reinforcement plays a key role in preventing development of cracks in concrete beams. These cracks form when concrete shrinks as it hardens. Plain concrete has low modulus of rupture, is brittle in nature and its capacity to resist strain is low. As a result of this, plain concrete has high compressive strength and low tensile strength. In order to improve flexural strength of concrete beams and make them able to resist both compressive and tensile stresses, reinforcement is usually added to the plain concrete. Steel and GFRP are some of the materials that are used to reinforce concrete beams. These materials have different attributes and therefore their effects on mechanical and physical properties of concrete beams also differ. It is important to carry out an experimental study to determine the effect that steel and GFRP reinforcements have on concrete beams. This comparison will help in selecting the most suitable reinforcement between the two for a concrete beam depending on the project requirements and constraints. References Anjorin, S., Arojojoye, A. Komolafe, O., 2016. 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